Bitumen

Parameter	Specification
Appearance	Black or dark brown, viscous, sticky
Penetration Value (25°C)	30–220 dmm (depends on grade, e.g., 60/70, 80/100)
Softening Point (Ring & Ball)	35–70°C (depends on grade)
Ductility (25°C)	≥75 cm (for most paving grades)
Specific Gravity (25°C)	0.97–1.05
Flash Point	>220°C
Fire Point	>250°C
Solubility in Trichloroethylene	≥99% (indicates purity)
Viscosity at 60°C	100–3000 poise (grade-dependent)
Water Content	≤0.2%
Loss on Heating	≤1.0%
Elastic Recovery	≥50% (for modified bitumen)
Temperature Susceptibility	Low (preferred for good performance)
Adhesion	High (should bind well to aggregates)

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